SVM

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Softmax Function - First Derivative

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 Logits They refer to the raw output produced by a machine learning model. This is before we normalize the data to the expected form. For Example, consider an ANN for classifying into 3 classes. The output layer may have 3 output neurons with a linear activation function. This is a logits. Note this will be a vector of 3 real values.  Softmax function This function is used when we want to interpret the output of a model as the probability for various classes. This is specifically useful in a multi-class classification problem. It is a squashing function that squashes the values to fall between [0,1] and sum to 1 across all classes. It evaluates the probability of choosing a class by using the logit across all the classes. The final predicted class has the highest probability. This is commonly used in ANN as the last layer of a multi-class classification problem. The node with the highest probability represents the chosen class. Probability Distribution A probability distributi...
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Naive Bayesian Classifiers - Multinomial, Bernoulli and Gaussian with Solved Examples and Laplace Smoothing

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 Learn about the Naive Bayes Classifier in the following notes. Numeric Example with Dataset (Transactional Data) Sum1 Sum2 Consider the following dataset. Apply the Naïve Bayes classifier to the following frequency table and predict the type of fruit given it is {Yellow, Sweet, Long}. Solution can be viewed in the following pdf. Numeric Example with Text Data Multinomial Naive Bayes vs Bernoulli Naive Bayes Multinomial Naive Bayes and Bernoulli Naive Bayes are both variations of the Naive Bayes algorithm, and they are used for different types of data distributions: 1. Multinomial Naive Bayes:    - The Multinomial Naive Bayes classifier is used for data that is multinomially distributed, which typically means it is used for discrete data.    - It is particularly suitable for text classification problems where features (or words) can occur multiple times. For example, it can be used for document classification where the features are the frequencies...
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ANN Series - 10 - Backpropagation of Errors

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Watch the video to understand the forward pass in an ANN. Backpropagation, short for "backward propagation of errors," is a fundamental algorithm used for training artificial neural networks. It efficiently computes the gradient of the loss function with respect to the weights of the network, which is essential for adjusting the weights and minimizing the loss through gradient descent or other optimization techniques. The process involves two main phases: a forward pass and a backward pass.     Forward Pass   1. Input Layer:  The input features are fed into the network. 2. Hidden Layers:  Each neuron in these layers computes a weighted sum of its inputs (from the previous layer or the input layer) plus a bias term. This sum is then passed through an activation function to produce the neuron's output. This process repeats layer by layer until the output layer is reached. 3. Output Layer:  The final output of the network is computed, which is then used to cal...
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